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Herd structures for different systems
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Beef Production: The Basics
Herd Structures for Different Systems
Cattle numbers, live mass and AU (animal units) for weaner, tolly and ox beef production systems containing 100 breeding cows each are reflected in Tables 21, 22 & 23 respectively. The QPro-based programme BEEFFLO was used to generate this data. Table 23 represents the calculated monthly and annual feed requirements for the respective production systems. The following is noteworthy:
-
A standard mean cow live mass of 450 kg, with an 80% calving rate was used throughout.
-
It was assumed that heifers are bred at the same time as the cow herd.
-
Weaning mass was taken as 198 kg, which is relatively high (44% of mature cow live mass) compared to most commercial herds, where the 205 day weaning mass averages 42% of mature cow live mass in South African performance tested herds.
-
With the BEEFFLO program, mortality is not taken into account in the beef stockflow table, but is subtracted from the animals sold.
-
Breeding seasons were adapted to reflect that in sourveld areas most herds are bred earlier (with the breeding season starting in November) and use a weaner beef production system, whereas in sweetveld areas, ox systems are usually advised and the breeding season starts later. The tolly system was taken as intermediate to the other systems.
-
For the tolly and ox systems, the age at which the progeny were sold was adjusted so that sales take place during November of each year.
- An examination of the data reflected in Table 23 indicates that a weaner system has a higher mid-summer dry matter feedneed compared to ox- or tolly systems, and a lower feedneed during the first two months after weaning. It is noteworthy that, for the specific systems shown, July and especially August and September, are months with a relatively higher feedneed for which provision must be made, and should rains arrive late, feed shortages can be experienced. Late rains can even result in feed shortages during October and November.
Table 23. BEEF STOCKFLOW AND FEEDNEED for: Weaner production system, 80% conception rate, Bulls in 1 Nov.
| |
COW MEAN MASS |
450 |
|
|
REPLACEMENT% |
20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
COWS IN HERD |
100 |
|
|
NO. MATURE COWS |
80 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
BULLS IN HERD |
4 |
|
|
NO. 1ST CALVERS |
20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
COW CALVING: % |
80 |
|
|
AGE@WEANING:mths |
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Mth & % drop |
8 |
60 |
|
MASS@WEANING: kg |
198 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Mth & % drop |
9 |
30 |
|
AGE-1STCALF: mths |
35 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Mth & % drop |
10 |
10 |
|
HFR SALE AGE:mths |
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
1ST CALVERS: % |
90 |
|
|
L_MASS@SALE:kg |
188.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Mth & % drop |
8 |
75 |
|
STR SALE AGE:mths |
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Mth & % drop |
9 |
20 |
|
L_MASS@SALE:kg |
207.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Mth & % drop |
10 |
5 |
|
MORTALITY % PA |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
BIRTH MASS KG |
32 |
|
|
FODDER INTAKE % |
80 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
| |
SUB-CLASS |
JUL |
AUG |
SEP |
OCT |
NOV |
DEC |
JAN |
FEB |
MAR |
APR |
MAY |
JUN |
|
BULLS |
|
|
|
No |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
| |
|
|
|
LMass |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
|
DRY COWS |
No |
80 |
32 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
80 |
80 |
|
LMass |
450 |
450 |
450 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
450 |
450 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
78.2 |
31.3 |
7.8 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
78.2 |
78.2 |
|
LACTATING COWS |
No |
0 |
48 |
72 |
80 |
80 |
80 |
80 |
80 |
80 |
80 |
0 |
0 |
| |
|
|
|
LMass |
0 |
450 |
450 |
450 |
450 |
450 |
450 |
450 |
450 |
450 |
0 |
0 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
0.0 |
56.3 |
84.4 |
93.8 |
93.8 |
93.8 |
93.8 |
93.8 |
93.8 |
93.8 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
1ST CALF COWS |
No |
0 |
15 |
19 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
20 |
0 |
0 |
|
LMass |
0 |
405 |
425 |
447 |
450 |
450 |
450 |
450 |
450 |
450 |
0 |
0 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
0.0 |
16.3 |
21.4 |
23.3 |
23.4 |
23.4 |
23.4 |
23.4 |
23.4 |
23.4 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
TOTAL CALVES |
No |
0 |
63 |
91 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
TO |
8 |
Mths |
LMass |
0 |
76 |
76 |
78 |
98 |
118 |
138 |
158 |
178 |
198 |
0 |
0 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
35.8 |
40.2 |
44.6 |
48.7 |
52.8 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
REPLACEMENT HEIFERS |
No |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
|
9 |
TO |
20 |
Mths |
LMass |
222 |
230 |
238 |
246 |
254 |
262 |
270 |
278 |
286 |
294 |
206 |
214 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
13.8 |
14.2 |
14.5 |
14.9 |
15.3 |
15.6 |
16.0 |
16.3 |
16.7 |
17.0 |
13.0 |
13.4 |
|
REPLACEMENT HEIFERS |
No |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
24 |
20 |
20 |
24 |
24 |
|
21 |
TO |
32 |
Mths |
LMass |
317 |
325 |
333 |
341 |
349 |
357 |
365 |
373 |
381 |
389 |
301 |
309 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
18.0 |
18.4 |
18.7 |
19.1 |
19.4 |
19.7 |
20.0 |
20.4 |
17.3 |
17.5 |
17.4 |
17.7 |
|
REPLACEMENT HEIFERS |
No |
20 |
5 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
20 |
20 |
|
33 |
TO |
35 |
Mths |
LMass |
413 |
421 |
429 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
397 |
405 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
18.3 |
4.6 |
0.9 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
17.8 |
18.1 |
|
HEIFERS |
No |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
9 |
TO |
8 |
Mths |
LMass |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
HEIFERS |
No |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
TO |
0 |
Mths |
LMass |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
HEIFERS |
No |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
TO |
0 |
Mths |
LMass |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
STEERS |
No |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
9 |
TO |
8 |
Mths |
LMass |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
STEERS |
No |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
TO |
0 |
Mths |
LMass |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
STEERS |
No |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
|
0 |
TO |
0 |
Mths |
LMass |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
|
SALES, PURCHASES: |
SUM AU |
133 |
146 |
153 |
156 |
157 |
193 |
198 |
203 |
205 |
209 |
131 |
132 |
|
BULLS BOUGHT |
@ R  No |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
BULLS SOLD |
@ R No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
|
CULL COWS |
@ R No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
|
|
IN-CALF HFRS |
@ R No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
4 |
|
|
|
|
WEANER HFRS |
@ R No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
26 |
|
|
WEANER STRS |
@ R No |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
49 |
|
Table 24. BEEF STOCKFLOW AND FEEDNEED for: Tolly production system, 80% conception rate, Bulls in 1 Dec.
| |
COW MEAN MASS |
450 |
|
|
REPLACEMENT% |
20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
COWS IN HERD |
100 |
|
|
NO. MATURE COWS |
80 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
BULLS IN HERD |
4 |
|
|
NO. 1ST CALVERS |
20 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
COW CALVING: % |
80 |
|
|
AGE@WEANING:mths |
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Mth & % drop |
9 |
60 |
|
MASS@WEANING: kg |
198 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Mth & % drop |
10 |
30 |
|
AGE-1STCALF: mths |
35 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Mth & % drop |
11 |
10 |
|
HFR SALE AGE:mths |
15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
1ST CALVERS: % |
90 |
|
|
L_MASS@SALE:kg |
340 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Mth & % drop |
9 |
75 |
|
STR SALE AGE:mths |
15 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Mth & % drop |
10 |
20 |
|
L_MASS@SALE:kg |
340 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Mth & % drop |
11 |
5 |
|
MORTALITY % PA |
2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
BIRTH MASS KG |
32 |
|
|
FODDER INTAKE % |
80 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
8 |
9 |
10 |
11 |
12 |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
| |
SUB-CLASS |
JUL |
AUG |
SEP |
OCT |
NOV |
DEC |
JAN |
FEB |
MAR |
APR |
MAY |
JUN |
|
BULLS |
|
|
|
No |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
| |
|
|
|
LMass |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
585 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.8 |
|
DRY COWS |
No |
80 |
80 |
32 |
8 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
80 |
|
LMass |
450 |
450 |
450 |
450 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
450 |
| |
|
|
|
AU |
78.2 |
78.2 |
31.3 |
7.8 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
0.0 |
78.2 |
|
LACTATING COWS |
No |
0 |
0 |
48 |
72</ | | | | |